Characterizing bamboo aggregate foamed concrete for sustainable construction: thermal, acoustic, mechanical, and environmental aspects

Abstract

This study investigates bamboo aggregate foamed concrete (BAFC) as a sustainable alternative to conventional foamed concrete. Bamboo aggregates, produced from recycled residuals of engineered bamboo panel manufacturing, were used to partially replace sand at 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% by mass and in three particle-size classes (fine, medium, coarse). Ten mixes were characterized through a comprehensive experimental program including density, water absorption, microstructure (SEM), thermal conductivity, sound insulation and absorption, compressive strength, flexural behavior, and comparative carbon-footprint analysis. BAFC exhibited densities between 1003 and 1351 kg/m³, compressive strengths up to 11.45 MPa, and flexural strengths up to 2.61 MPa, indicating suitability for non-load-bearing and moderate structural applications. Thermal conductivity ranged from 0.165 to 0.212 W/m·K, outperforming reference foamed concrete in insulation capacity. Acoustic performance was enhanced, with Noise Reduction Coefficient values up to 0.31, although Sound Transmission Loss remained modest. The optimal balance between mechanical and functional performance was obtained for a 5% replacement with fine bamboo aggregate. Overall, BAFC emerges as a promising low-density, bio-based construction material that couples waste valorization with improved thermal and acoustic performance. Further optimization of mix design and binder composition is recommended to enhance acoustic insulation and enable broader practical use.